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Lyceus
The Apollo Lyceus ((ギリシア語:Ἀπόλλων Λύκειος), ''Apollōn Lukeios'') type, also known as Lycean Apollo, originating with Praxiteles〔A connection made "on insufficient grounds" according to Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway (Ridgway, "A Story of Five Amazons", ''American Journal of Archaeology,'' 78.1 (1974:1-17 ) p. 9)〕 and known from many full-size statue and figurine copies as well as from 1st century BCE Athenian coinage, is a statue type of Apollo showing the god resting on a support (a tree trunk or tripod), his right forearm touching the top of his head and his hair fixed in braids on the top of a head in a haircut typical of childhood. It is called "Lycean" not after Lycia itself, but after its identification with a lost work described, though not attributed to a sculptor, by Lucian〔''Anacharsis'' (7).〕 as being on show in the Lyceum, one of the gymnasia of Athens. According to Lucian, the god leaning on a support with his bow in his left hand and his right resting on his head is shown "as if resting after long effort." Its main exemplar is the ''Apollino'' in Florence or ''Apollo Medici'', in the Uffizi, Florence.〔 Wilhelm Klein, ''Praxiteles'', Lepizig, 1898, p. 158.〕
The attribution, based on the type's "elongated proportions, elegant pose and somewhat effeminate anatomy", as Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway characterised it,〔Ridgway 1974:9.〕 is traditionally supported on the grounds of the type's similarity to Praxiteles's ''Hermes'' from Olympia - one replica of the ''Lycian Apollo'' even passed as a copy of the ''Hermes'' for a time.〔 Martinez, « Les styles praxitélisants », p. 334.〕 The comparison essentially rests on the ''Apollino'', whose head has proportions similar to those of the Aphrodite of Cnidus〔As represented by (Head Ma421 ) in the Louvre. Giulio Emmanuele Rizzo, Prassitele, Milan et Rome, 1932, p. 80-81.〕 and whose pronounced ''sfumato'' confirms the long-held idea that it is Praxitelean in style, in spite of the many differences amomng the extant examples.
Nevertheless, most exemplars of this type exhibit a pronounced musculature which does not resemble masculine types normally attributed to Praxiteles - it has further been proposed that it is a work of his contemporary Euphranor,〔 S. F. Schröder, « Der Apollon Lykeios und die attische Ephebie des 4. Jhr » in ''Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Athenische Abteilung'', 101 (1986), p. 167-184.〕 or of a 2nd-century BCE work〔 M. Nagele, « Zum Typus des Apollon Lykeios » in ''Jahreshefte des Österreichischen archäologischen Instituts in Wien'', 55 (1984), p. 77-105.〕 The ''Apollino'', for its part, would thus be an eclectic creation from the Roman era, mixing several styles from the "second classicism" (i.e. from the 4th century BC).〔 Martinez, « Les styles praxitélisants », p. 335.〕
The famous pose with the arm resting on the head was so thoroughly identified with Apollo that it was used for the Hadrianic sculpture of Antinous as Apollo at Leptis Magna.〔Ch. W. Clairmont, ''Die Bildnisse des Antinous'' (Rome, 1966:29 no. 38), noted by Ridgway 1974:9.〕 With the Hellenistic and Roman depictions of a youthful Dionysus typologically not always distinguishable from Apollo, the pose seems to have been inherited by Dionysus, as in the 2nd century CE Ludovisi Dionysus, a Roman sculpture. The pose is also used in the Amazon statue types, and its long-established〔Ridgway 1974 .〕 conventional expression of lassitude identified Sleeping Ariadne as well.
==References==
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